Extracto: Proceedings of the Instituteof Radio Engineers Volume 22 Number 8 August1934 NOTEON A CAUSE OF RESIDUAL HUM IN RECTIFIER-FILTER SYSTEMS BY FREDERICK EMMONSTERMAN AND SIDNEY B PICKLES Stanford UniversityCalifornia Summary The capacitance of the power transformer secondary to ground is shown to by-pass the filter system when the filter chokes are in the negative lead and the negative output is grounded This results in a residualripple voltageacross the output that may begreater than the ripple voltage passed by a very good filter The remedy is either to place the filter inductancein thepositive lead or to ground the positive output terminal 5 7 XHILE making measurements on a rectifier-filter system ar- ranged as shown in Fig 1 with constants such as to produce excellent filtering